Archlight is on the right track, but I'd offer a couple tweaks:
Since you mentioned you'll be shopping at Microcenter you can grab an
i5-3570K and an AsRock Pro4-m for $260 total. Great combo, I've been perfectly happy with mine (see signature). Or the i7-3770K is on sale for $230 right now. That brings your total with the Pro4-M to $300. The i7 won't really get you any better framerates though, I'd classify it as more of a luxury purchase for your use.
A 2x4GB = 8GB kit of DDR3 1600MHz RAM with a voltage of 1.5V or lower typically go on sale for around $40 at newegg. Wait for sales and just make sure reviews are decent before buying. The specific brand or kit doesn't matter much at all.
Here's a low-voltage kit from Mushkin that would do just fine.
GTX 660Ti is a great performer and
delivers smoother framerates than the 7950 so that's a great choice. It beats the pants off your existing 5770 which is
roughly equivalent to a 7750 these days.
Why not grab a 2+ TB hdd. 2TB on up pretty much have the same cost/GB so it's just a matter of how much space you need for your movies and music. If you've got a 240GB SSD, you probably wont have to store any programs on your mechanical hdd so a
2TB 5400rpm drive like this is a great option.
Case is really up to you, we can help make suggestions based on whether you prefer quiet cases, more airflow, ATX, mATX, etc.
Get the Hyper 212
EVO since it has an improved heatpipe layout and fan. On sale for
$25 after MIR at newegg right now.
Main: i5-3570K, ASRock Z77 Pro4-M, MSI RX480 8G, 500GB Crucial BX100, 2 TB Samsung EcoGreen F4, 16GB 1600MHz G.Skill @1.25V, EVGA 550-G2, Silverstone PS07B
HTPC: A8-5600K, MSI FM2-A75IA-E53, 4TB Seagate SSHD, 8GB 1866MHz G.Skill, Crosley D-25 Case Mod